Governing science as a complex adaptive system

Research policy is a complex matter. Copying best practices in research policy, as identified by benchmarking studies, is popular amongst policy makers but fails because of ‘knowledge asymmetries’. Research fields exhibit distinct knowledge dynamics that respond differently to governance interventions. Extending the idea of search regimes, this paper aims at providing a policy model for different knowledge dynamics by elaborating the notion of knowledge production as a complex adaptive system. Complex regimes emerge from three interacting sources of variance. In our conceptualisation, researchers are the nodes that carry the science system. Research can be considered as geographically situated practices with site specific skills, equipments and tools. The emergent science level refers to the formal communication activities of the knowledge published in journals and books, and announced in conferences. The contextual dynamics refer to the ways in which knowledge production provides resources for social and economic development. This conceptualization allows us to disaggregate knowledge dynamics both in horizontal (field related) and vertical (level related) dimensions by articulating the three different dynamics and their path dependencies (in research, science and society) in co-evolution with each other to produce distinct search regimes in each field. The implication for research governance is that generic measures can sometimes be helpful but there is clear need for disaggregated measures targeting field specific search regimes. Governing knowledge production through disaggregated measures means targeting in a distinct way not only different fields, but also, and more importantly, the interactions between local research practices, emergent scientific landscapes, and the field’s relationship to its societal context. If all three “levels” are aligned, there is a stable regime.search regime, research and innovation governance, complex adaptive system

Emerging Search Regimes: Measuring Co-evolutions among Research, Science, and Society

Scientometric data is used to investigate empirically the emergence of search regimes in Biotechnology, Genomics, and Nanotechnology. Complex regimes can emerge when three independent sources of variance interact. In our model, researchers can be considered as the nodes that carry the science system. Research is geographically situated with site-specific skills, tacit knowledge and infrastructures. Second, the emergent science level refers to the formal communication of codified knowledge published in journals. Third, the socio-economic dynamics indicate the ways in which knowledge production relates to society. Although Biotechnology, Genomics, and Nanotechnology can all be characterised by rapid growth and divergent dynamics, the regimes differ in terms of self-organization among these three sources of variance. The scope of opportunities for researchers to contribute within the constraints of the existing body of knowledge are different in each field. Furthermore, the relevance of the context of application contributes to the knowledge dynamics to various degrees

The internationalization of corporate invention: national and sectoral contributions

ISBN : 978-84-695-7408-9 Disponible en ligne : http://www.euspri-madrid2013.org/pdf/1039.pdfInternational audienc

Knowledge flows in global renewable energy innovation systems: the role of technological and geographical distance

Understanding the global knowledge dynamics of renewable energy technologies requires consideration of both technological and geographical dimensions. This paper assesses the relative importance of technological and geographical distant knowledge in the future knowledge development of technological innovation systems (TIS) of renewables. Using global renewable energy patents, we quantify the absorptive capacity of countries as the degree of knowledge accumulation in the knowledge diffusion between domestic actors in a TIS. Our results show that international knowledge flows within a renewable energy TIS are more important for countries with smaller absorptive capacity, whereas countries with larger absorptive capacity benefit more from domestic knowledge originating in other TISs. Consequently, each country faces unique opportunities and constraints with respect to global technological developments when developing renewable energy technologies. These findings lead to policy implications that are specific to developing renewable energy technologies in different countries

Catching up in clean energy technologies: a patent analysis

How we can accelerate the diffusion of new clean energy technologies worldwide is a highly relevant topic for energy and climate policies, as well as industrial policies. We trace the time lag between the introduction and the diffusion of breakthroughs in solar photovoltaic technology and wind power technology. Our results show that both domestic knowledge base and organizational proximity to the country introducing breakthroughs, help latecomer countries catch up by actively innovating in these technologies on their own. Moreover, we find that there are more opportunities for latecomer countries with stronger domestic knowledge base to catch up in solar photovoltaic technology than wind power technology. The results of this paper provide systematic evidence of the technology-sensitive catching-up process in the clean energy technological paradigm

Kinetic Characterization and X-ray Structure of a Mutant of Haloalkane Dehalogenase with Higher Catalytic Activity and Modified Substrate Range

Conversion of halogenated aliphatics by haloalkane dehalogenase proceeds via the formation of a covalent alkyl-enzyme intermediate which is subsequently hydrolyzed by water. In the wild type enzyme, the slowest step for both 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,2-dibromoethane conversion is a unimolecular enzyme isomerization preceding rapid halide dissociation. Phenylalanine 172 is located in a helix-loop-helix structure that covers the active site cavity of the enzyme, interacts with the Clβ of 1,2-dichloroethane during catalysis, and could be involved in stabilization of this helix-loop-helix region of the cap domain of the enzyme. To obtain more information about the role of this residue in dehalogenase function, we performed a mutational analysis of position 172 and studied the kinetics and X-ray structure of the Phe172Trp enzyme. The Phe172Trp mutant had a 10-fold higher kcat/Km for 1-chlorohexane and a 2-fold higher kcat for 1,2-dibromoethane than the wild-type enzyme. The X-ray structure of the Phe172Trp enzyme showed a local conformational change in the helix-loop-helix region that covers the active site. This could explain the elevated activity for 1-chlorohexane of the Phe172Trp enzyme, since it allows this large substrate to bind more easily in the active site cavity. Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis showed that the increase in kcat found for 1,2-dibromoethane conversion could be attributed to an increase in the rate of an enzyme isomerization step that preceeds halide release. The observed conformational difference between the helix-loop-helix structures of the wild-type enzyme and the faster mutant suggests that the isomerization required for halide release could be a conformational change that takes place in this region of the cap domain of the dehalogenase. It is proposed that Phe172 is involved in stabilization of the helix-loop-helix structure that covers the active site of the enzyme and creates a rigid hydrophobic cavity for small apolar halogenated alkanes.

Towards transformative leapfrogging

Latecomer countries are increasingly confronted with the simultaneous challenge of achieving industry competitiveness and sustainability transitions. We revisit the long-standing debate on how latecomers may break free from the trajectories of the developed countries and leapfrog into more sustainable directions. Connecting insights from the fields of catching-up, socio-technical transitions, and economic geography, we propose a heuristic typology of four development pathways for latecomers. While the catching-up literature has focused on knowledge development as a main strategy, we posit that to address grand challenges, it is imperative for latecomers to implement valuation-focused strategies, which include shaping technology legitimacy, markets, and finance flows at the systemic level. We showcase the shifting trajectory of the Chinese solar photovoltaic industry from technology catching-up to forging ahead in pre-existing global value chains, and eventually towards transformative leapfrogging aimed at reconfiguring the entire socio-technical system of the electricity sector. We conclude with a research agenda for latecomer development

Driving the innovation process by connecting regional knowledge bases to local needs

Novel approaches are needed to support the creation of more open, inclusive, and self-sustaining R&I ecosystems in healthcare. This study analysed 3 European regions (Murcia ES), (Örebro SE), and (Republic of Cyprus CY), incorporating complementary approaches from Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and Research and Innovation Smart Specialisation Strategy (RIS3). The exercise entailed the identification of healthcare and innovation stakeholders and the characterisation of the policy landscape in each territory. Moreover, the strengths of the regional knowledge base was analysed by measuring the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) indicator based on relatedness measurement, and by using micro-level fields analyses of scientific publications. This methodology allowed us to identify the fields and topics (strengths) that provide opportunities for innovation processes. Additional identification of social needs in the three territories showed profound differences regarding the alignment of the selected needs with respect to the regions’ capabilities. The results suggest that a timely direct interaction with territorial stakeholders can help in selecting the most promising innovation priorities that are based on local needs and knowledge. The process of interaction requires early engagement to support territorial ownership and is further reinforced by RRI policies in place

Driving the innovation process by connecting regional knowledge bases to local needs

Novel approaches are needed to support the creation of more open, inclusive, and self-sustaining R&I ecosystems in healthcare. This study analysed 3 European regions (Murcia ES), (Örebro SE), and (Republic of Cyprus CY), incorporating complementary approaches from Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and Research and Innovation Smart Specialisation Strategy (RIS3). The exercise entailed the identification of healthcare and innovation stakeholders and the characterisation of the policy landscape in each territory. Moreover, the strengths of the regional knowledge base was analysed by measuring the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) indicator based on relatedness measurement, and by using micro-level fields analyses of scientific publications. This methodology allowed us to identify the fields and topics (strengths) that provide opportunities for innovation processes. Additional identification of social needs in the three territories showed profound differences regarding the alignment of the selected needs with respect to the regions’ capabilities. The results suggest that a timely direct interaction with territorial stakeholders can help in selecting the most promising innovation priorities that are based on local needs and knowledge. The process of interaction requires early engagement to support territorial ownership and is further reinforced by RRI policies in place